Biography
Stanisław Lem was born in 1921 in Lwów, then part of Poland, and died in Kraków in 2006. The Second World War interrupted his medical studies in Lviv; with forged papers he survived the German occupation, while most of his Jewish family was murdered in the Holocaust. After his first novel, Astronauci (1951), he achieved his breakthrough in 1956 with Obłok Magellana, followed by works including The Star Diaries, Solaris (1961), The Cyberiad and the philosophical treatise Summa Technologiae. His books combine science, philosophy and satire and probe the limits of human understanding, especially in the encounter with the utterly alien. Solaris has been filmed several times, including by Andrei Tarkovsky and Steven Soderbergh. Lem's works have been translated into 57 languages.
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